Battle of Varna 1444: what happened and where to see the battlefield
On 10 November 1444 Sultan Murad II defeated the crusader army of Władysław III and John Hunyadi west of Varna; the king died and the crusade ended.
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Varna history: Odessos, ancient gold, 1444
Varna’s past from the gold of the Varna Necropolis and Greek Odessos to the Battle of Varna in 1444 and the city’s historic ties to Russia.
Sources: Visit Varna · Ministry of Tourism
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Why Bulgaria has historic ties to Russia: 1878, 3 March and Soviet monuments
Bulgaria's ties to Russia go back to the 1877–78 war that ended Ottoman rule, marked on 3 March. Bulgaria was never in the USSR. The monuments debate.
Varna's history: from Greek Odessos to Bulgaria's sea capital
Founded as Greek Odessos in the 6th century BC, Varna grew under Rome, saw the 1444 Battle of Varna, was Ottoman until 1878 and briefly named Stalin.
Varna Necropolis: the oldest processed gold in the world
Found by chance in 1972, the Varna Necropolis held some 3,000 gold objects from about 4600–4200 BC — the oldest worked gold treasure known anywhere.